The indications for vitrectomy have changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Refinement of surgical technique, coupled with improved instrumentation and the development of superior viewing systems, has paved the way for a new generation of surgical procedures. From the original indications of dense non-clearing haemorrhage and severe diabetic retinopathy, for example, we have now moved to the era of vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction, subretinal surgery and symptomatic floaters. A local anaesthetic approach with sutureless incisions makes day case surgery possible and rapid rehabilitation a reality for most patients.